Mechanism of Action
Pumpkin seed oil from Cucurbita pepo contains phytosterols (particularly beta-sitosterol and delta-7 sterols), unsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids. The proposed mechanisms in BPH include mild inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase (similar to finasteride but significantly weaker) and anti-inflammatory effects via phytosterols.
Evidence
The largest study (Vahlensieck 2015, n=1431) showed significant IPSS improvements in mild BPH. However, the effect size was moderate and the study was partially industry-funded. For bladder health in women, initial positive data exists (Nishimura 2014) but with a small sample size only.
Safety
Pumpkin seed oil is considered very safe. No notable side effects reported in studies. May cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort in rare cases.
Dosage
1000–3000 mg pumpkin seed oil per day, typically divided into 2-3 doses with meals.